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DOI: 10.1055/a-1927-0512
Zerebellärer Schwindel, was steckt dahinter?
Neues zu Diagnose und TherapieWhat’s behind cerebellar dizziness?News on diagnosis and therapy
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Schwindel und Gleichgewichtsstörungen umfassen ein multisensorisches und interdisziplinäres Syndrom unterschiedlicher Ätiologie und Pathogenese, wobei beim zerebellären Schwindel die Beschwerden durch die vestibulo-zerebellären, vestibulo-spinalen oder zerebellären Systeme verursacht werden. Der Begriff des zerebellären Schwindels umfasst eine heterogene Gruppe von Störungen mit klinischen Anzeichen einer Kleinhirnfunktionsstörung. Bei rund 10% der Patienten in einer Spezialambulanz für Schwindel und Gleichgewichtsstörungen ist der zerebelläre Schwindel ursächlich für die Vorstellung. Nach zeitlichem Verlauf können 3 Typen unterschieden werden: dauerhafte Beschwerden, wiederkehrende Episoden mit Schwindel und Gleichgewichtsstörungen und ein akutes Auftreten der Beschwerden. Die häufigsten Diagnosen waren: degenerative Erkrankungen; hereditäre Formen und erworbenen Formen 81 % der Patienten mit einem zerebellären Schwindel leiden an dauerhaften, persistierenden Schwindelbeschwerden, 31 % an Schwindelattacken und 21 % sowohl an dauerhaften Beschwerden als auch an Attacken, während typische klinische zerebelläre Zeichen, u. a. Gang- und Extremitätenataxien oder eine Dysarthrie seltener festgestellt wurden. Schlüssel zur Diagnose sind eine dezidierte, zielgerichtete Anamnese sowie eine gründliche klinische Untersuchung mit besonderem Augenmerk der Okulomotorik. Hinsichtlich der Untersuchung der Okulomotorik zeigten sich am häufigsten eine sakkadierte Blickfolge, ein Blickrichtungsnystagmus, Provokationsnystagmus, Reboundnystagmus, ein zentraler Fixationsnystagmus, am häufigsten der DBN sowie Sakkadenstörungen und einer Divergenzinsuffizienz. Die Untersuchung der Okulomotorik ist somit sehr sensitiv, um die Diagnose zu unterstützen, jedoch nicht spezifisch in der Unterscheidung verschiedener Krankheitsätiologien. Apparative Untersuchungen mittels Posturografie und einer standardisierten Ganganalyse können die Diagnosestellung unterstützen und zur Abschätzung des Sturzrisikos sowie zur Quantifizierung des Verlaufs und möglicher symptomatischer Behandlungseffekte beitragen. Patienten mit zerebellärem Schwindel sollten eine multimodale Behandlung erhalten.
ABSTRACT
Vertigo and dizziness comprise a multisensory and multidisciplinary syndrome of different etiologies. The term „cerebellar vertigo and dizziness“ comprises a heterogenous group of disorders with clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction and is caused by vestibulo-cerebellar, vestibulo-spinal or cerebellar systems. About 10 % of patients in an outpatient clinic for vertigo and balance disorders suffer from cerebellar vertigo and dizziness. According to the course of the symptoms, one can considers 3 types: permanent complaints, recurrent episodes of vertigo and balance disorders, or an acute onset of complaints. The most common diagnoses in patients with cerebellar vertigo and dizziness were as follows: degenerative disease, hereditary forms and acquired forms. In a subgroup of patients with cerebellar vertigo, central cerebellar oculomotor dysfunction is indeed the only clinical correlate of the described symptoms. 81 % of patients with cerebellar vertigo suffer from permanent, persistent vertigo and dizziness, 31 % from vertigo attacks, and 21 % from both. Typical clinical cerebellar signs, including gait and limb ataxia or dysarthria, were found less frequently. Key to diagnosis is a focused history as well as a thorough clinica examination with particular attention to oculomotor function. Regarding oculomotor examination, the most common findings were saccadic smooth pursuit, gaze-evoked nystagmus, provocation nystagmus, rebound nystagmus, central fixation nystagmus, most commonly downbeat nystagmus, and disturbances of saccades. Thus, oculomotor examination is very sensitive in diagnosing cerebellar vertigo and dizziness, but not specific in distinguishing different etiologies. Laboratory examinations using posturography and a standardized gait analysis can support the diagnosis, but also help to estimate the risk of falls and to quantify the course and possible symptomatic treatment effects. Patients with cerebellar vertigo and dizziness should receive multimodal treatment.
Schlüsselwörter
Zerebellum - Kleinhirn - Downbeat-Nystagmus - Okulomotorikstöurngen - Acetyl-DL-Leucin - Aminopyridine - Therapie - SchwindelKey words
Cerebellar disorders - downbeat nystagmus - ocular motor disorders - acetyl-DL-leucine - aminopyridines - therapy - vertigo - dizzinessPublication History
Article published online:
13 February 2023
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